Physics is most readily applied to relatively simple systems: a pendulum, two electrons colliding or the structure of the ...

Deep learning neural networks are usually rife with challenges. For all their layered capabilities, the algorithms themselves are hard to create and even harder to manage. From the demand for millions ...

A new study has used a type of machine learning called a neural network to reveal how different kinds of training can change ...

“Neural networks are currently the most powerful tools in artificial intelligence,” said Sebastian Wetzel, a researcher at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. “When we scale them up to ...

“Foundation models are deep neural networks (such as GPT-5, Gemini~3, and Opus~4) trained on large datasets that can perform diverse downstream tasks — text and code generation, question answering, ...

Optical illusions, quantum mechanics and neural networks might seem to be quite unrelated topics at first glance. However, in new research I have used a phenomenon called “quantum tunnelling” to ...